Rhetorical Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rhetorical Critique - Essay Example If the needs of a particular group are met then it would be said that the writer was effective in his work. In this case they have to employ the language in an effective manner so as to meet a certain rhetoric situation (Wilhoit 41-45). Jonathan Riel the author of Obama and Reagan: A Rhetoric critique and declaration of not war in Libya targets the same population in addressing the challenges and issues affecting the American society. In his first article that touches on Obama and Reagan, he tends to draw two parallel rhetoric lines between the two leaders. His focus on Obamas campaign turns out to be rhetoric. According to him Obamas mode of communications changes immediately the campaign is over. In this case it implies that governing cannot be the same as running or organizing for a campaign. For instance, Obama employs the use of impersonal style of communication which on his side differs a lot from the persuasion used for the public especially if one is running a campaign. This case greatly differs from the type of communication of any governmental official once elected in office. His speech was compared to Reagan style of speech that was challenging. The author of this blog tends to be bias against Obamas administration; he tries to capture the attention of his audience by portraying Obamas organization as an organization that seeks the merciful help of his citizens which is only applicable when seeking for votes but his reach by the citizens on his office seems to be impossible. The main aim of bringing this point is to ridicule the administration and also to provoke the citizens (Lanham 58). The author tries to use persuasive and provoking to the audience by pointing out that Obama has a very poor view of Reagan administration. In this regard, he does not come out with proper reasoning to support this but instead he says that Obama portrayal of Reagan leadership was that of one who could not steer the American economy forward. His argument seeks to dema nd and seek his audience attention. Nevada interview has been known to have attracted a huge crowd of scholars of the Rhetoric communication. His style of communication during the interview employed the use of keen attention by the public as persuasive. The author also tries to portray how other leaders have viewed Obama (Riehl n.d). His idea of the American dream is critiqued because Reagan was the official party property of the Republican. The American 40th president presented his speech which was viewed by the blogger as rhetorical act the speech was made to the public which demonstrated no signs of campaigns. Obama is believed to have integrated all the elements to form his own rhetoric. Reagan speech revolved much on the future of the America on the other hand Obama opinion is to overcome the presidency of the opposing party which he relates to future. Obamas speech was concerned with uniting all races of the American people. He preaches the message of hope of the American peop le. This message is also preached by Reagan on his public addresses. These two share the same feature in the sense that they both emphasize the need for positive growth in the American society (Lanham 71-80). This is seen as aspirations of the people of the people. Reagan had an aspect of blaming the fore fathers this aspect was absent on Obama this is portrayed in his speeches where he demonstrates how the slaves were able to fight

This assignment focuses on Hong Kongs special role in the 1997-1998 Essay

This assignment focuses on Hong Kongs special role in the 1997-1998 Asian financial crisis - Essay Example Neither scenario was ever really on the cards. Always more likely was what has actually happened since: Hong Kong has continued to evolve socially, politically and economically as it steers its way through the uncharted waters ÃŽ ¿f the "one country, two systems" formula enshrined in our constitution, the Basic Law. We have had no shortage ÃŽ ¿f problems since the transition, but interference by Beijing has certainly not been one ÃŽ ¿f them. Beijings "hands off" policy, other than in its remit over foreign affairs and defence, has been a mainstay ÃŽ ¿f our efforts in dealing with the fall-out from the Asian financial crisis. China has kept her promise. We certainly dont expect Beijing to be boosting our claims over any other mainland city. We are happy to compete on our own terms with any rival, anywhere, armed with the autonomy we enjoy under "one country, two systems". It gives us all the freedom we need to do so. Challengers will have to overcome our "location, location, location"; a hinterland bursting with promise; and the sophisticated software ÃŽ ¿f the worlds freest economy. That includes a trusted and deeply-rooted legal system, the freest press in Asia and a transparent government accountable to a lively and probing legislature. We are the first to acknowledge that the Asian financial crisis came as a rude shock. Like many others, we, frankly, underestimated its impact. In exposing the problems in some ÃŽ ¿f our neighbouring economies it served as a wake-up call for the entire region. Hong Kong has smelled the coffee. We have embraced further privatisation ÃŽ ¿f public assets, including our profit-making mass-transit railway and even some ÃŽ ¿f our welfare services. We have embarked on a series ÃŽ ¿f ambitious initiatives in the financial-services sector: the merging ÃŽ ¿f the stock and futures markets; further reforms ÃŽ ¿f the banking system; enhanced but

Dual Route Model in Adult Reading

Dual Route Model in Adult Reading Introduction Dual route model is the study that defines the changes in the mode of interpreting printed words to sound. Therefore dual route model is associated with the study of reading and spelling and the various assumptions that arise out of the investigation. These assumptions highlight the fact that the processing of the written language is always accomplished by two separate methods called the lexical and non-lexical routes. These two methods are interactive in nature. Reading and spelling in the lexical method always depends on the creation of word specific orthographic and phonological memory representation. All the current models of word recognition are based on either the dual route models or connectionist theories. The way a word recognition model accounts for different types of reading behaviours, is the word of success of every model. The dual model theory has withstood most of the tests associated with reading behaviours. However some psychologists do not agree with this theory, instead they suggest a combination of dual as well as other models for deriving positive results in the field of reading behaviours. A number of psychologists have researched in this field and published their results. Prominent among them is the study reports of Coltheart and Bates, who have demonstrated that an equation derived from dual-route theory accurately predicts reading performance in young normal readers with reading impairment due to developmental dyslexia or stroke. Studies conducted by John Marshal also have much significance. Marshal concentrated on the fact that the method of skilled reading can be used, particularly the dual route model, for interpreting acquired dyslexia as well as developmental dyslexia. The basic concept of the dual model explains that non words and irregular words are two independent routes that lead from the written word to the noise. There is also the direct access route which is also known as the lexical route. This route deals with the pronunciation of irregular words. In this method reading is always continued through the lexicon for the purpose of pronouncing words correctly. Then there is the Grapheme phoneme conversion route which is also called the sub lexical route. In this route reading is continued without accessing the lexicon. All regular words and irregular words should be read from the lexicon, this is the suggestion given by the dual route model. A strong judgement in this regard is that the steadiness of the word always effects the periods it takes to name it. Moreover there is also a relation with its rate of recurrence. Low recurring words are more affected than high recurring words. Some words having the same frequency are not made similar, particularly inconsistent words. Moreover regular words are sometimes pronounced irregularly. According to experts a simple dual route model cannot explain all these outcomes. A dual route model can be used for the prediction of real words though the lexican route. However we can see that steadiness, rate of recurrence and uniformity effects reaction times. The suggestion that non words are read by the GPC route is not correct. Strong findings suggest that non words processing s are affected by the lexicon. Previous normal reading process of a person is affected by the impact of acquired dyslexia the affected person will suffer some kind of a shock in the left side of his brain. In this case the dual route model predicts a double disassociation. With respect to surface dyslexia, a person makes over regularisation mistakes for irregular words. The person can read words and non words if they are regular. The person will not show any case of image ability. This is due to the fact that the route remains undamaged. Another type of dyslexia which is commonly found is the Phonological dyslexia. In this situation, patients are poor to read non words. Moreover real words are easily read. Experts suggest that, here the GPC route may be damaged and the lexical route is undamaged. It is often argued that the Phonological dyslexia and the surface dyslexia are separate. They do not associate themselves. Therefore the dual route model is supported. But in other types of dyslexia the situation can be more complicated. Another type of dyslexia is the deep dyslexia. This type is characterised by poor reading of non words, semantic reading mistakes for real words, and problems associated with the GPC route. Moreover the patients under this category have an injury to a system which usually allows them to read through a semantic system. This type of dyslexia cannot be regarded as a syndrome. But in some circumstances it has to be regarded because evidences support it. Another point of argument about this type of dyslexia is that it may be a result of reading using the right hemisphere of the brain. There are assumptions that this type of dyslexia is a syndrome which is caused by a wound in the left hemisphere. If that is correct then the conclusion should be that reading is possible through semantic system in such a way that the dual route model cannot be taken into account. According to psychologist Knight R.A from his journal article titled, Language, history and use, there are alternatives to the dual route model also. They are the three routes model, Analogy theories and the Connectionist models. In the three route model, the lexical route is split into GPC route, the route through lexicon and the route direct from the lexicon. Analogy theories are single route theories. a major drawback of this theory is that it is sometimes unpredictable regarding the pronunciation of non words. The connectionist models are single route theories where there is no storage for individual words. The drawback of this model is that it also fails to predict the pronunciation of non words (Knight, Language History and Use). The dual route model has become a standard model for both normal as well as abnormal reading of adults. There is very strong evidence that there is twofold disassociation of phonological and surface dyslexia in the dual route model. The dual route model had assumptions that the conversion of grapheme-phoneme depends on a theoretical set of rules which is similar to the plans in a logical system. Other models of normal and abnormal reading development were developed on the basis of the dual route model of mature reading. The dual route theory is a very comprehensive theory. It explains both normal and abnormal adult reading and as well as normal and abnormal reading development (Pennington, 2002, p.292). In the semantic system, spoken as well as written words always turn on mechanically the matching theoretical representations. All familiar words used whether they are customary or non customary can be processed through the lexical route. This is possible in terms of their letter indicated by sound relationships. However the non lexical route makes use of the sub word level process which is based on the sound- spelling association rules success of non lexical route always depends on non words and regular words that is always associated with the English phoneme grapheme conversion laws but when there is irregular words which does not obey these set of rules, it fails to produce a correct response. All the efforts undertaken to read or write through non lexical method can result in regularization mistakes. Studies by psychologists Rapcsak, Henry and others revealed that dual route model contains purposeful mechanisms that are exclusive to both the lexical and the non lexical routes but no one can say that the two procedures are totally independent. Dual route theory always maintains that lexical route will help in delivering a true response for irregular words. The non lexical route is essential for the reading and spelling of non words correctly. For the interpretation of the written language of persons having acquired alexia / agraphia, dual route models have provided a powerful hypothetical structure. It is possible to identify the damaged cognitive module of neurological patients by specifying the practical architecture of the written language processing system. For example, the destruction that is caused to the lexical route will give rise to surface dyslexia distinguished by disproportionate complexity in reading and spelling irregular words. However damage to the non lexical route will result in phonological dyslexia, distinguished by very poor reading and spelling of non words. Apart from all these applications, dual route theory can also be used for producing quantitative predictions related to reading and spelling. It is possible to predict the accuracy of a persons and the performance on irregular words as well as non words. The basic concept of dual route models is that using lexical method irregular words can only be read correctly whereas by using non lexical strategy non words can be read correctly. The capability of lexical and non lexical routes are proved when a person will be able read accurately proportions of irregular words. According to dual route theory, both the lexical and non lexical route can process regular words and therefore the accuracy of reading can be predicted (Rapcsak, Henry, Teague, Carnahan Beeson. 2007. p.2519-2524) A study conducted by John marshal, another renowned psychologist in the year 1984 clearly emphasised that the fact that the method of skilled reading can be used, particularly the dual route model, for interpreting acquired dyslexia as well as developmental dyslexia. This claim became controversial and many other researchers argued that the dual model is quite in appropriate in the way to understand development in reading and developmental disorders in reading. However further research in this area by psychologists Castles, Bates Coltheart revealed that John Marshals claim was true (Castles, Bates Coltheart. 2006. pp. 871-892 (22)). Many researches have been undertaken for checking the effectiveness of dual route model. The dual route cognitive models of reading assume that the lexical and sub lexical routes are functionally different processes. Researchers Joubert, Beauregard and others have tested this hypothesis by using three experimental conditions. One of them was lexical and the other two were sub lexical. Frequent words represented the lexical condition whereas in the first sub lexical condition was represented by non words made of low frequency sub lexical units. These words did not resemble real words. Rare and regular words consist of the second condition. Comparisons were made between these reading tasks with a baseline condition which consisted of consonant string viewing. Moreover silent pronunciation of one or two of these consonants was also done along with this process. By analysing the results of this experiment it was found that the lexical condition which consisted of regular words generates many different peaks of activations in the border area of the left super marginal region. Whereas the other two sub lexical tasks were engaged always in the area of the left prefrontal inferior cortex (Joubert, Beauregard, Walter, Bourgouin, Beaudoin, Leroux, et al. 2004. p. 9-20). Renowned psychologists Hanley and Gard advocated that developmental surface dyslexia appears in adults. They took reading and spelling tests on two adult students and the results varied. Both these adults were affected significantly by spelling regularity. The psychologists arrived at the conclusion that the irregular words are harder to study that difficult ones, therefore a person is forced on to depend on lexical strategy during the course of reading (Funnel. 2000. P.138). The dual route models have always come under attack in recent years the theories framed by dual route experts are not always effective in adults. Most of the criticisms in the dual route model have come in the field of adult readings. As a result of criticisms levelled against dual route models, connectionists models were developed (Treiman. 1993. p.34) Studies made on languages which were opaque suggested that the lexical and non lexical processing consists of independent routes. Where as in the case of transparent languages, there is no strong evidence for independent routes. The dual route in transparent languages like in opaque languages has created an arena for discussion. By studying the neurologically damaged patients who are unable to read unknown words or non words, the existence of these routes can be seen clearly (Plasencia, Dorado Serrano. 2008. p. 48 -54). According to a study conducted by two well known psychologists, Castles and Coltheart, process deficit models of disability became popular due to the developmental problems associated with reading disability associated with brain damages. The reasons for the popularity of the process models is because of the simplicity of its framework moreover the approach of a process deficit model gives a basis for a logic of instructions stuck by the strength and weakness of the readers. But unfortunately many researches have failed to provide evidences that support process models. The fact stated in the process model that disabled readers can be categorized into distinct types and the diagnosing task of distinguishing disabled readers from the poor readers has no supportive evidence (New Directions in Research, 2006). In another experiment by Bertelson, two hypotheses were tested with relation to the development of access towards lexical meaning. They were initial indirect access and initial direct access. Conclusive proof relating to the testing pointed out that these hypotheses were not strongly supported. And it also recommended that the direct and indirect access could be used for early reading. The involvement of these procedures always changed during its course of development. The previous assumption about standard dual model was that both accesses assumed the basic theoretical tests, went wrong. Based on evidence derived from these tests, the standard dual route model was always criticised. Instead of the standard dual model, a single model was found suitable (Bertelson, 1987. p.113). The dual route cascaded model is a computational model related to visual word recognition and loud reading. It is the only computational model that is used to perform the two tasks i.e., lexical reading and aloud reading. The DRC model has its own limitations. A common claim attributed to this model is that it can explain everything. But this claim becomes false as far as the case of reading aloud and visual lexical decision is concerned. With various paradigms that are masked, facts suggest that phonological properties of very temporarily presented stimuli can influence performance in reading aloud and lexical decision tasks. The dual route cascading model or the DRC model is used for pronunciation computing from print through lexical and non lexical procedures. Non words cannot be read correctly under the lexical procedure because they are not present in the lexicons. (World Recognition Process in Reading. 2005). Many studies have been undertaken to prove the effectiveness of the dual models. In one study done by psychologists Basso, Burgio and Prandoni, of the neurological clinic, Milan University, a group consisting of 21 people were selected having specific disorders and treated with a dual route model. Another group consisting of 23 persons were treated with methods using single route models. By comparing the treated patients from both the groups, it was found that the first group treated with the dual method showed significant improvement than the second group in many areas. But the benefits received from reading of isolated words, homophones etc did not improve the reading of passages. This suggested that treatments using dual models should include exercises containing passages or sentences (Tressoldi. 2000). In another test, persons who did not have previous knowledge about French were asked to learn 12 French words. After getting their representations, they were given pictures and were asked to write the baseline. This experiment was repeated for three times. After 10 minutes these pictures were presented again and were asked to write words. After a week, these participants were again requested to do the same exercise. The results showed significant difference. The out come was that when irregular orthographic representations are acquired, it is supported by knowledge of orthographic representations (BASSO, BURGIO, PRANDONI. 1999.p.405-412). Arguments against dual route model theories. Connectionist modelling techniques have spawned the debate between single and dual route accounts of the cognitive process. The necessity of dual route processing accounts in the psychology of the language has been questioned by connectionists models. Some psychologists have also suggested that a single route model is enough for the learning of past tense formations and idiosyncratic formations which are rule based. It is also sufficient to learn rule based method of pronunciations and idiosyncratic pronunciations. Basically there are two types of criticisms that are levelled against the dual route models. The first one is that morphology is the rule which directs association of the bilinguals lexical representations. It is argued that morphology can alone produce clear effects of independence in a sole undifferentiated structure. The second criticisms said about the dual model are that the word recognition in one language may be assisted if it is similar to a word in another language. Connectionist modelling techniques have spawned the debate between single and dual route accounts of the cognitive process. The necessity of dual route processing accounts in the psychology of the language has been questioned by connectionists models. Some psychologists have also suggested that a single route model is enough for the learning of past tense formations and idiosyncratic formations which are rule based is also sufficient to learn rule based method of pronunciations and idiosyncratic pronunciations. There are also other types of criticisms that are levelled against the dual route models. The first one is that morphology is the rule which directs association of the bilinguals lexical representations. It is argued that morphology can alone produce clear effects of independence in a sole undifferentiated structure. The second criticism said about the dual model is that when motivations show some kind of resemblance between two languages, the necessity of word recognition arises. Moreover cross language meddling is found even though there is clear proof for independence of lexical presentations (Thomas, Bilingualism and the Single route). Conclusions Connectionists theories have originated as a result of the debate between single and dual route models in the area of language processing. The debate between single route and dual route has often arisen when the necessity of postulation of a rule based processing mechanism that would motivate aspects of cognition. The fundamental problem here is that all rules have exceptions and all processors based on rules should have an exception mechanism to accompany it. The other side of this debate between dual and single model is that whether there is necessity to postulate one or two realistic processing mechanisms to motivate a given cognitive ability. Dual routes are not effective in all areas, particularly in the field of bilingual word recognition. To those areas where dual theories are insignificant, it is wise to work with connectionists models which are regarded as an exiting prospect. Single route models when compared with dual route models should overcome many hurdles to get accepted. However they can be used in situations where dual route models fail to produce results. The single route models always characterise stimulus response compatibility effects to the difficulty of transaction from stimulus to response whereas dual route models suggest that compatibility effects reveal in part an extra direct or routine creation route. In consistency is one of the major drawbacks suffered by these models. Form the outcomes of studies undertaken; it is evident that the DRC model can stimulate the reading aloud task as well as the lexical decision task. The stimulation given by the DRC model to these tasks cannot be matched by any other models. Therefore the DRC model is regarded as the most successful computational model discovered so far in the field of reading behaviors. Nowadays word recognition models are constructed on the basis of dual route as well as connectionist models. Dual route has its own advantages and limitations in adult reading. In cases where dual method is not effective, connectionists models can be used. Or a combined format can be used. Combination of these two models will always give satisfactory results in word reading. (Shinoda. 2005). References BASSO, A. , BURGIO, F. PRANDONI, P. 1999. Acquisition of output irregular orthographic representations in normal adults: An experimental study. Retrieved from http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=0B6AC8EC3378DCD2C42DFE0963CBF5B3.tomcat1?fromPage=onlineaid=49571 on August 23, 2008. Bertelson, P. 1987. The Onset of Literacy. Cambridge: MIT Press. Castles, A.,Bates, T., Coltheart, M. 2006. John Marshall and the developmental dyslexias. Aphasiology, Volume 20, Numbers 9-11, -11 pp. 871-892(22). Retrieved from http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/psych/paph/2006/00000020/F0030009/art00004;jsessionid=kldvo0vfe03v.alice?format=print on August 22, 2008. Funnel, E. 2000. Case Studies in the Neuropsychology of Reading. London: Psychology Press. Joubert, S., Beauregard, M., Walter, N., Bourgouin, P., Beaudoin, G., Leroux, J.M. et al. 2004. Brain and Language . Vol. 89 9-20. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com Knight R.A. Language History and Use Psycholinguistics. Retrieved from http://www.rachaelanne.co.uk/teaching/psych/reading_03_HO.doc on August 22, 2008. New Directions in Research. A Transactional Perspective on Reading Difficulties and Response to Intervention. 2006. Retrieved from http://www.reading.org/Library/Retrieve.cfm?D=10.1598/RRQ.41.1.7F=RRQ-41-1-McEneaney_2.html on August 23, 2008. Pennington, B.F. 2002.The Development of Psychopathology. New York. Guliford Press. Plasencia, P.M., Dorado, J.I. Serrano, J.M. 2008. Evidence for Linguistic Deficit in Nonlexical Processing in Reading. A Study of a Spanish-Speaking Patient. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, Vol.11, No.1, 48 -54. Retrieved from http://www.ucm.es/info/Psi/docs/journal/v11_n1_2008/art48.pdf on August 23, 2008. Rapcsak S.Z, Henry M.L, Teague,S.L., Carnahan,S.D. Beeson,P.M. June 18, 2007. Do Dual- Route Models Accurately Predict Reading and Spelling Performance in Individuals with Acquired Alexia and Agraphia? Neuropsychologia Vol. 45(11): 2519-2524. Retrieved from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1988783 on August 21, 2008. Shinoda, K.2005. Speaker adaptation techniques for speech recognition using probabilistic models. Retrieved from http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/110546421/abstract on August 23, 2008. Thomas, M.S.C. Bilingualism and the Single route / Dual route debate. Retrieved from http://www.psyc.bbk.ac.uk/people/academic/thomas_m/Thomas_Cogsci98.doc on August 22, 2008. Treiman, R. 1993. Beginning to Spell. Washington, DC: Oxford University Press, US Tressoldi, P.E. 2000. Treatment of Specific Developmental Reading Disorders, Derived from Single- and Dual-Route Models. Retrieved from http://ldx.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/33/3/278 on August 23, 2008. World Recognition Process in Reading. 2005. Retrieved from http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/BPL_Images/Content_store/Sample_chapter/9781405114882/Snowling_sample_chapter1.pdf on August 23, 2008.

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Prison System Essay -- Prison J

The failure of imprisonment has been one of the most noticeable features of the current crisis in criminal justice systems. At best, prisons are able to provide a form of crude retribution to those unfortunate to be apprehended. At worst, prisons are brutalizing, cannot be shown to rehabilitate or deter offenders, and are detrimental to the re-entry of offenders into society. If anything, they do little else than confine most prisoners, and as a result lead to the imposition of certain undesirable learning habits and labels. Such habits include the learning of survival patterns of behavior, which do little to help the prisoner to be reintegrated as a useful and productive member of the community. It has been established that prison work or training experiences all too often fail to impart skills that can be usefully applied once the prisoner is released. The prison experience also acts as a stigmatising one, so that the prisoner finds that society labels them as an undesirable or untrustworthy person, despite the fact that he/she has ostensibly been 'rehabilitated' (Bartollas, 1985). Both ideological and socioeconomic pressures play an important role in bringing about changes to the concept of punishment and the methods of dealing with the criminal deviant. To date, however, there has been an increasing pressure for the avoidance and the minimisation of the penal servitude. The general consensus of much criminological opinion is that imprisonment as a corrective and punitive method has failed. What has emerged in response to this failure is the notion of community-based corrections, a movement that has received both intellect... ...e. The prison institution is only a phenomenon of relatively recent times in the history of man, it is by no means true that society is unable to accommodate other means of social control (Andenaes, 1974). What needs to be reviewed is not so much the methods of correction but the basic doctrines of punishment themselves. The introduction of all these new schemes may only serve the purpose of extending social control, instead of defeating, many social problems. In fact, community-based corrections may be seen as undermining, not assisting, movement towards fundamental change in the criminal justice system. Alternatives, therefore, need to be clearly and completely separated and distinguished from the traditional prison system and the culture of imprisonment if they are to have any greater hope of being successful.

Jealousy in Romantic Relationship

Jealousy in Romantic Relationships Roxy Ghamgosarnia Stetson University In today’s society, we witness that the majority of romantic relationships suffer and falter. Numbers show marriages that end in divorce have sky rocketed. The question persists why? What causes so much dysfunction in a romantic relationship? A topic I found to be intriguing was jealousy. Present in all humans and in platonic and romantic relationships, jealousy has become an unexplainable phenomenon in which researchers are diving into in hopes of identifying the source of this detrimental emotion.Of course with such a loaded and complex topic, it’s hard to uproot all information because there are so many directions and scenarios. However, this being said, I was able to read about some studies and observations researchers have inducted. In my research I concluded that jealousy has no real definition, but rather is a collection of negative emotions that emerge when one person feels they are loosing power over something they think they posses. (Goodboy, Horan, Booth-Butterfield, 2012:374).Because there are different types of lovers (eros, ludus, storge, pragma, mania and agape), there are different reactions to jealousy and a correlation between ludus and mania lovers to evoke jealousy in their relationship. Through reading about a specific scenario involving jealousy in cross-sex friendship whilst being in a committed monogamous relationship I determined that jealousy opens the door to other interpersonal communication factors. For example ones non-verbal behavior is greatly affected. (Williams, 2005).I wanted to really invest time in understanding how different situations call for jealousy and the non-verbal reactions that begin to emerge through this negative emotion. In my prospective research I wanted to test how jealousy brews between a couples that have been in a committed heterosexual monogamous relationship. I decided for my first investigation to focus more on the jea lousy that a woman would express because I was personally more familiar with it. I will carry out my methodology in two parts, first an observational analysis and following that an in-depth private interview.In my experimentation I would make sure to have written consent from a couple that have been dating for at least six months and who are both between 21-30 years of age. I will explain to my subjects that they are about to undergo a psychological experiment but are not able to be told intricate details because it may skew the results. I will make sure to have a clear and concise written contract that explains my experiment is not intended to cause any personal conflict, or to harm them in any way.For example, an excerpt from that written contract may be: â€Å"I ____________ hereby understand that the information that will be observed in the evenings progression is strictly confidential. No section of this experiment is instituted to cause damage in physicality or emotionally bu t is rather for the purposes of education and to be studied my professionals in the field. I understand the curators of the experiment are not responsible for my actions or reactions, but rather have the intent to gain knowledge from the study.At anytime it is my right to leave the room if I feel uncomfortable. † After my subjects understand their rights and identify my responsibilities I will progress with the experiment. The â€Å"Model† (which I will explain later) is not a volunteer and will be paid for working with me, so a level of professionalism is definitely necessary. There too, will be an employee contract as to protect both the agent and the principal. I wished to set up my methodology in a contemporary way.The observation portion will be as follows: once consent is given my subjects will be instructed to attend a semi-formal gathering among their peers. This gathering will be a social banquet, perhaps associated with a charitable event such as to create mor e mystery for the subjects so they don’t foresee the elements of the procedure that I have set up. I would certainly avoid and places such as a nightclub or bar, where there would be increased tension and the risk of my subjects become intoxicated.Through out the course of the evening there will be a third element to my experiment. This would be the Model, or M. M would have to be an attractive lady in her early to mid twenties who during the succession of the event will purposefully approach the couple and insert herself in conversation with the couple, paying closer attention to the male in the relationship. Her job is to be extraverted and friendly. She will be wearing an ear device that will have me instructing her on how to keep conversation as I will be watching and hearing everything from a private room.What I will be looking for is the verbal and non-verbal reactions from the female in the relationship. How she reacts to certain things that M says like â€Å"Oh, I am currently not seeing anybody its so difficult to find a decent man nowadays. † While not breaking eye contact with the Male. After the event has finished the couple will be instructed by a personnel to meet with me for the second portion of the experiment. The second method I will use for my study is an in depth interview with both the male and the female in the relationship.Each interview will be done separately and privately. I will explain that what the study specifically was about, telling them that it was an observation of body language and interpersonal non-verbal communication. I then will proceed to ask a few questions on what they were thinking and how they felt at different parts of the evening when M was present. I will be able to play back the footage and point out key moments where I think that they displayed some sort of negativity.Ultimately I am trying to discover if in the situation that was provided the female in the study felt any sort of jealousy towards t he M and if the male was able to effectively pick up on her reactions. Some interview questions will include, but are not limited to: Were you aware of the body language and looks that your girlfriend was doing? How did you feel when you saw the other lady? Were you aware of your body language? Many of the questions I ask depend of course on what I see and what I hear so I cannot give a clear and accurate outline at this time.But, the questions will be formatted to help me better understand the emotions felt during the experimentations. Even if there were no feelings of jealousy it will still be interesting to be able to understand peoples reactions to situations that involve their significant other. After a few different couples I am positive that my results will allow me to draw some parallels, and in other cases there would be no correlation in emotional responses. This would further validate my theory that jealousy is subjective and situational depending on each different person . Spitzberg, Cupach, 2010). In order to protect my subjects’ privacy, I would keep their identity a secret. The only people that would really know who they are would be myself and the person I chose to hire as M who would be liable to keep confidentiality. In my published results I would refer to the female as X and the male as Y. I will store all information on my laptop which is password locked. All digital footage shall be locked in a secure filing cabinet and destroyed once the procedure is completed.Like an experiment there are a few limitations that should be considered. For one, budget. I would have to have substantial funds in order to purchase the equipment I need and to organize a set up that would be appropriate. The next would be finding the right couple to conduct this experiment on, which would easily give consent for the study. For future research I would greatly like to reverse the roles. Using a male M and observing the reactions and interpersonal communicati ons that the male in the relationship would demonstrate.Repeated trials would allow for a better and cleared understanding as results can vary drastically from one another. Also, perhaps this can be conducted using homosexual couples in order the see if there are any similarities or differences in the results. All in all, I feel that my implemented methodology would effectively allow me to test how jealousy may brew in a situational setting in a committed, monogamous relationship. Because jealousy is such a deep emotion that also is affiliated with other negative emotions it is difficult to plug in a formula and measure it.However, with this study, it will allow one to observe first hand how non-verbal communication is so prominent in our everyday interactions especially in one which we feel uncomfortable in. Through my read research I better understand what factors can possibly lead to jealousy and I wanted to put my understanding to the test and create a compelling, creative and c ontemporary study. I hope that my results will assist others when researching about this relatively dewy subject. References Kennedy-Lightsey, C. , & Booth-Butterfield, M. (2011).Responses to jealousy situations that evoke uncertainty in married and dating relationships. 59(2), 255-275. Williams, S. (2005). Jealousy in the cross-sex friendship. 471-485. doi: Ebsco Host Goodboy, A. , Horan, S. , & Booth-Butterfield, M. (2012). Intentional jealousy- evoking behavior in romantic relationships as a function of received partner affection and love styles. 60(3), 370-385. doi: Ebsco Host Spitzberg, B. H. , & Cupach, W. R. (2010). Disentangling the dark side. In B. Spitzberg & W. Cupach (Eds. ), The dark side of interpersonal communication (2nd ed. ). New York: Routledge

History of relationship Essay

The moral naturalists believed that moral responses are a result of a long history of relationship. The naturalists argue that we observe people as they live thus one do not have to rely on metaphysics or exposure. The moral naturalists were not able to elaborate the reasons as to why morality is very important. The fact that if at all morality is natural, why are we struggling to maintain moral standards, yet it’s in the process of evolution. Moreover, the naturalist relied on science given that they related man’s morality with primates and that due to evolution, morals do change (Wikipedia. org, 2010). They argued that moral judgment is a result of intuition which makes us to come up with justifications after the facts. Moral naturalist fails in accepting that transcendence and the sacred plays a most important role in every human in the society. They consider gentleness, fairness and kindness to be moral life while neglecting awesomeness, greatness and transcendent morality satisfaction. In addition, it lays emphasis on group cohesion via cooperative virtues e. g. empathy over individual dissent which encourages strives for recognition and superiority. The moral naturalist show that religion has led to increased cases of abortion, murder, suicide and sexual immorality which in the real sense are not the case (Brooks, 2010). They support their view by arguing that belief and worship of God is unnecessary for healthy society in view of the fact that it contribute to many social problems. In support for Brooks against moral naturalism, its evidenced that each community have got different beliefs and coming up with a common moral for all society it can prove to be disastrous. This is because the motivating factor that makes a person to do what is right or wrong is what accounts for morality. This study contrast religious believers’ attitude that religion is the best in fostering moral and ethical behaviors for a healthy society. On the other hand, the religious groups believe that religion has got many benefits to the society for it helps in dealing with crime, and all other vices in the society thus lowering them and offering social beneficial. Furthermore, the study analysis shows that devotion of religious believers contribute to many ills in the society which according to Christians and other believers is not true for they consider religion as a source of blessings to their society for it carries God blessings. The moral naturalist’s favors secularism that it is more effective in securing social cohesion and non-violent resolution in the society of conflict unlike religious believers on the ground that moral order is not instituted on religion. The religious naturalist focuses on the real meaning of life. They claim that the world should be understood in religious way without a detailed system of beliefs. They endeavor to ensure that human need to value their lives and also recognize that they are part of nature. Thus they should accept science for it tries to provide reliable information about nature and the world at large. The moral naturalist claims that the religious believers have got a strong sense of right and wrong making them to indulge in vices like the secular ones. And that some religion grants people doors for committing crimes like the terrorist Muslims who blow themselves up with confidence that by so doing they will go straight to paradise. This is another shortcoming of the moral naturalist given that religious believer do have a common moral on knowing what is wrong and right since they have a moral compass from their creator (MST, 2010). When one act contrary to morality, he becomes blasphemous and thus evolved intuitions do not guarantee the right or consistence answers to any moral dilemma. The Americans do not agree with these scientific claims of morality. Most of them especially those who support Christianity support consider religion to be the promoters of morals leading to a decent society which is free from any sort of wickedness. Moreover, the theory can not find access to the American society given that most of them are Christians who believe in the existence of God. Though the scientist argue that morality is a biological adaptation and yet people are steered by their deepest cares and concerns. The study of scientist on countries with the lowest social ills revealed that non religious nation had less cases of social ills compared to religious nation, they concluded that religious belief is the main contributor of social evils (Hauser & Singer, 2005). In addition, most informed Americans will not agree to the naturalist theoretical emphasis that human morality has evolved together with those of other primates. Given that naturalism involves a deep respect to science methodology which can be proved wrong or right depending on the argument posed. Naturalism therefore can’t be a substantive proposal for it’s a result of science. In addition, attention will only be paid on what is morally upright to the society and not what scientists are trying to imply (Wisdomresearch. org, 2010). Rationality is to be the key concern of the Americans in ensuring morality has been maintained in the society hence much attention is left out of naturalism on the ground of it being just a research program and not real. Works cited Brooks, David. The Moral Naturalists, 2010. Retrieved on 1st August 2010 from, http://www. nytimes. com/2010/07/23/opinion/23brooks.html? _r=2&ref=davidbrooks Hauser, M. & Singer, P. (n d). Morality without Religion. Retrieved on 1st August 2010 from, http://www. wjh. harvard. edu/~mnkylab/publications/recent/HauserSingerMoralRelig05. pdf MST, Participation in the MST, 2010. Retrieved on 1st August 2010 from, http://wjh1. wjh. harvard. edu/~moral/test. php Wikipedia. org, Religious Naturalism, 2010. Retrieved on 1st August 2010 from, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Religious_naturalism Wisdomresearch. org, Defining Wisdom, 2010. Retrieved on 1st August 2010 from, http://wisdomresearch. org/Arete/GreeneVideo. aspx